“P” implies “Q.” This is the essence of Critical Thinking.

“P” is your hypothesis . . . your facts or your findings.

• If “P” is TRUE, then your conclusion can be TRUE.

• If “P” is NOT TRUE, then your conclusion can be EITHER TRUE OR NOT TRUE. It can be whatever you want it to be.

A necessary condition of a statement must be satisfied for the statement to be true. Formally, a statement P is a necessary condition of a statement Q if Q implies P, (Q⇒P).

A sufficient condition is one that, if satisfied, assures the statement’s truth. Formally, a statement P is a sufficient condition of a statement Q if P implies Q, (P⇒Q).